ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre Project 1991, Muak-Lek, Saraburi, Thailand. Dried coconut flesh is called copra, and the oil and milk derived from it are commonly used in cooking – frying in particular – as well as in soaps and cosmetics. (2009), assigned it to Cocos based on the size and the ridged shape of the fruit. Another product of the coconut is coconut oil. The coconut thatch, timber, roof, rope and shell and fiber are used to produce variety of handicrafts. The fronds of the coconut leaves are plaited when green and then dried for making utility items such as roof thatch, cover to protect mud walls, rain shields, sandals, bags and shutters for windows. [25][20][26][22] The similarities of the local names in the Austronesian region is also cited as evidence that the plant originated in the region. Some of the dwarf cultivars such as 'Malayan dwarf' have shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing, while other cultivars such as 'Jamaican tall' are highly affected by the same plant disease. You'll probably still have to explain it's properties though. He claims to have received orders for more than 20 million straws from over 10 countries since he introduced the product in the market. [89], The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value. For example, the Polynesian and Melanesian term niu; Tagalog and Chamorro term niyog; and the Malay word nyiur or nyior. Thailand has been raising and training pig-tailed macaques to pick coconuts for around 400 years. To know the IPM practices for Coconut, click here. Coconut trees also are increasingly grown for decorative purposes along the coasts of the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia with the help of irrigation. Mature fruits have significantly less liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. The aim is to knock a coconut off the stand and win it. [100] Coconut oil extracted from coconut milk or copra is also used for frying, cooking, and making margarine, among other uses.[96][101]. The leaves are long (up to 7 m/23 ft), pinnately divided and composed of 200–250 tapering leaflets. In Florida, wild populations of coconut palms extend up the East Coast from Key West to Jupiter Inlet, and up the West Coast from Marco Island to Sarasota. [72], Coconut has a number of commercial and traditional cultivars. [106], The sap can be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy such as te kamamai in Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuru and addu bondi in the Maldives. No part goes to the waste as every layer has or had a use somewhere in the world, making it worthy of the title the tree of life.. Coconut water can be drunk fresh or used in cooking as in binakol. What's Funny About The Business Of Monkeys Picking Coconuts? Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. The root (wilt) affected coconut are susceptible to diseases such as leaf rot and pests such as rhinoceros beetle and red palm weevil. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling growth. In Vanuatu, coconut palms for copra production are generally spaced 9 m (30 ft) apart, allowing a tree density of 100 to 160 per hectare (40 to 65 per acre). One recently selected cultivar, the 'Maypan', has been bred for resistance to this disease. [135], The flowers are used sometimes in wedding ceremonies in Cambodia. Rich and often unfamiliar vocabulary of crafts and textiles. [25][22][32] During the colonial era, Pacific coconuts were further introduced to Mexico from the Spanish East Indies via the Manila galleons. The raw products are used directly without any processing. [129] CAPB may cause mild skin irritation,[129] but allergic reactions to CAPB are rare[130] and probably related to impurities rendered during the manufacturing process (which include amidoamine and dimethylaminopropylamine) rather than CAPB itself. ; Batugal, P.; Bonnot, F. (2008). [36] In west-central India, numerous fossils of Cocos-like fruits, leaves, and stems have been recovered from the Deccan Traps. Coconut milk, not to be confused with coconut water, is obtained by pressing the grated coconut meat, usually with hot water added which extracts the coconut oil, proteins, and aromatic compounds. [123][124][125] Amphioctopus marginatus is the first invertebrate known to be able to use tools.[124][126]. Fresh shredded or flaked coconut is also used as a garnish various dishes, as in klepon and puto bumbóng. The decreased buoyancy and increased fragility of this spherical, thin-husked fruit would not matter for a species that had started to be dispersed by humans and grown in plantations. (2008). Werth, E. (1933). [83], In Goa, the coconut tree has been reclassified by the government as a palm (like a grass), enabling farmers and real estate developers to clear land with fewer restrictions. Traditionally, products such as coconut mats and brushes are made from the husk, the hard, hairy shell. [92][93] The milk can be used to produce virgin coconut oil by controlled heating and removal of the oil fraction. [136], The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the traditional British fairground game coconut shy. (2009). [35][37][38] Conran et al. The hurdle for the second stage was now well defined. (1992). Elzebroek, A.T.G. The endosperm is initially in its nuclear phase suspended within the coconut water. It's a lot easier to use a leaf that has fallen down of its own accord, as getting up the tree is hard work, and the leaves are large. The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. He hypothesized that the coconut originated in the Americas, based on his belief that American coconut populations predated European contact and because he considered pan-tropical distribution by ocean currents improbable. It is one of the most useful trees in the world and is often referred to as the "tree of life". Plant-based themes are pretty common now and considered to be one of the most popular forms of decorations currently. (April 2006). This pattern coincides with the known trade routes of Austronesian sailors. Saran – Brooms (2006). It was first developed for commercial cultivation in the Philippines and is used widely in Philippine cuisine for desserts, drinks, and pastries. Coconut butter is often used to describe solidified coconut oil, but has also been adopted as an alternate name for creamed coconut, a specialty products made of coconut milk solids or puréed coconut meat and oil. As early human communities began to harvest coconuts for eating and planting, they (perhaps unintentionally)[citation needed] selected for a larger endosperm-to-husk ratio and a broader, spherical base, which rendered the fruit useful as a cup or bowl, thus creating the niu vai type. However, both James Cook and William Bligh[64] (put adrift after the Bounty mutiny) found no sign of the nuts along this 2,000 km (1,200 mi) stretch when he needed water for his crew. - ABC News", "The Chemistry of Coconut Milk and Cream", "Full Report (All Nutrients): 12117, Nuts, coconut milk, raw (liquid expressed from grated meat and water)", "Ginataang Manok (Chicken Stewed in Coconut Milk) Filipino Recipe! The 2014 coral atoll origin hypothesis proposed that the coconut had dispersed in an island hopping fashion using the small, sometimes transient, coral atolls. Weed stem tea can be prepared using alcohol as a binding agent, or with any source of fat like milk, butter, or coconut oil. [57] The two groups are genetically distinct, with the dwarf variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut (C. nucifera L.) has shed light on the movement. Due to growing sedentary lifestyles and heavy-handed landscaping, a decline in these traditional farming and soil-fixing techniques has occurred. Ubiquitous coconut plantations sustain the farmers of Goa, as it is a rich source of economically viable products. [91], A special cultivar of coconut known as macapuno has a jelly-like coconut meat. Find coconut leaf stock images in HD and millions of other royalty-free stock photos, illustrations and vectors in the Shutterstock collection. It is known as a bunot in the Philippines and simply a "coconut brush" in Jamaica. [1] The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut")[2] can refer to the whole coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which botanically is a drupe, not a nut. From The Coconut Tree To Your Drink Dried coconut is also used as the filling for many chocolate bars. Coconut Leaf Tissue Culture – Second stage. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. One such item is a simple yet effective broom for the house, using one of the tree's giant leaves. A coco chocolatero was a cup used to serve small quantities of beverages (such as chocolate drinks) between the 17th and 19th centuries in countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, and Venezuela. Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also introduced into the Atlantic Ocean by Portuguese ships from their colonies in coastal India and Sri Lanka; first being introduced to coastal West Africa, then onwards into the Caribbean and the east coast of Brazil. Some seasonal variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer temperatures are between 28 and 37 °C (82 and 99 °F), and survival as long as winter temperatures are above 4–12 °C (39–54 °F); they will survive brief drops to 0 °C (32 °F). p. 254. At present, the disease is spreading at a faster rate in Coimbatore, Erode, Dindigul, Tirunelveli, Kanyakumari and other districts of Tamil Nadu and causing 10 – 25 per cent yield loss. [9] Thenga, its Malayalam name, was used in the detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di Varthema published in 1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus Malabaricus. The shell, freed from the husk, and heated on warm ashes, exudes an oily material that is used to soothe dental pains in traditional medicine of Cambodia. Every single one of these was ruined by the sea water. [12] The earliest direct description is given by Cosmas Indicopleustes in his Topographia Christiana written around 545, referred to as "the great nut of India". [73] Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still exist both in southern Thailand and in the Malaysian state of Kelantan. [14], In March 1521, a description of the coconut was given by Antonio Pigafetta writing in Italian and using the words "cocho"/"cochi", as recorded in his journal after the first European crossing of the Pacific Ocean during the Magellan circumnavigation and meeting the inhabitants of what would become known as Guam and the Philippines. [139] In Maldivian folklore, one of the main myths of origin reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut tree. Coconut trees provide human beings with food and drink, shelter, fuel and a raw material to make items from. Cocos nucifera is a large palm, growing up to 30 m (100 ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 4–6 m (13–20 ft) long, and pinnae 60–90 cm (2–3 ft) long; old leaves break away cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. The coconut's obscure origin in foreign lands led to the notion of using cups made from the shell to neutralise poisoned drinks. Then, the fronds are stripped with a knife and cleaned till they are fine and smooth. [50] The root system consists of an abundance of thin roots that grow outward from the plant near the surface. The coconut has cultural and religious significance in certain societies, particularly in India, where it is used in Hindu rituals. Dried coconut leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime. [114] Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. [48] Coconuts sold in the shops of nontropical countries often have had the exocarp (outermost layer) removed. [27][28], A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from Island Southeast Asia (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the Indian subcontinent (the Indo-Atlantic group). Drift models based on wind and ocean currents have shown that coconuts could not have drifted across the Pacific unaided. Half coconut shells are used in theatre Foley sound effects work, struck together to create the sound effect of a horse's hoofbeats. It has applications in furniture and specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's Coconut Palace. "Handbook: Coconut husk as a potting medium". In Johann Vollmann and Istvan Rajcan (Eds.). Leaves are also woven into small piuches that are filled with rice and cooked to make pusô and ketupat.[119]. The ancient coconut groves of Dhofar were mentioned by the medieval Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta in his writings, known as Al Rihla. The Stem Of The Coconut Leaf Is Very Useful To Us The Stem Can Be Converted Into Just Watch The Video Just So You Know. In India, the woven coconut leaves are used to build wedding marquees, especially in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture and micropropagation. (1993). [32] If they were naturally distributed and had been in the Pacific for a thousand years or so, then we would expect the eastern shore of Australia, with its own islands sheltered by the Great Barrier Reef, to have been thick with coconut palms: the currents were directly into, and down along this coast. They are ubiquitous in coastal tropical regions and are a cultural icon of the tropics. [76], The Philippines is the world's second-largest producer of coconuts. Many of the smallest coral islands in the Florida Keys are known to have abundant coconut palms sprouting from coconuts that have drifted or been deposited by ocean currents. It is now the world's largest producer of coconuts. The leaves are used for thatching houses, or for decorating climbing frames and meeting rooms in Cambodia, where the plant is known as dôô:ng.[113]. It is commonly used in cooking, especially for frying. In Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore and Tirupur regions top the production list. [41] On fertile soil, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits per year, but more often yields less than 30. However, they can be found in humid areas with low annual precipitation such as in Karachi, Pakistan, which receives only about 250 mm (9.8 in) of rainfall per year, but is consistently warm and humid. The first coconuts were of the niu kafa type, with thick husks to protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away during germination on a new island. The name comes from the old Portuguese and Spanish word coco, meaning 'head' or 'skull', after the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble facial features. Leaves of coconut trees. Coconuts are a serious superfood with its long list of health benefits, medicinal uses, and nutritional value. [133] Irrespective of their religious affiliations, fishermen of India often offer it to the rivers and seas in the hopes of having bountiful catches. In the Philippines, the coconut is commonly called the "tree of life". [67] Yellowing diseases affect plantations in Africa, India, Mexico, the Caribbean and the Pacific Region. "[63], He also notes that several of the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more.[32]. It is also popular in Indonesia (where it is known as kopyor) for making beverages.[81]. However, admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred between the two populations. Ropes are made from the fiber obtained from the husk of a coconut – called coir. arecanut leaf sheath fiber is more fibrous than the other fibers which will show better mechanical properties. [50] However, there is some evidence that it may be polygamomonoecious, and may occasionally have bisexual flowers. These includes two specimens named "Cocos" palaeonucifera and "Cocos" binoriensis, both were dated by their authors to the Maastrichtian–Danian of the early Tertiary (70 to 62 million years ago). It was the world's largest producer for decades until a decline in production due to aging trees as well as typhoon devastation. Image of blue, tropical, flower - 135268749 These Christmas stems are sure to accomplish the crafting of somethi Aug 31, 2017 - Explore Somewhere Salty's board "coconut leaf crafts" on Pinterest. They are considered a rare delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms. The Middle East's hot, dry climate favors the development of coconut mites, which cause immature seed dropping and may cause brownish-gray discoloration on the coconut's outer green fiber. (1995). They take up extra weight … The exocarp and mesocarp make up the "husk" of the coconuts. He took the term from the Arabs, who called it جوز هندي jawz hindī, translating to 'Indian nut'. 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